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- Economic valuation of climate induced losses to aquaculture for evaluating climate information services in Bangladesh(Elsevier BV, 2023) Islam, S.; Hossain, P.R.; Braun, M.; Amjath-Babu, T.S; Mohammed, E.Y.; Krupnik, T.J.; Anwar Hossain Chowdhury; Thomas, M.; Mauerman, M.
Publication - A training dialogue report: introduction to climate services for aquaculture(WorldFish, 2020) Islam, S.; Hossain, P.R.; Braun, M.; Amjath-Babu, T.S; Anjum, F.From October 27 to 31, 2019, the Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD) in Dhaka hosted a weeklong training dialogue called Introduction to Climate Services for Aquaculture. The event’s focus on climate services for aquaculture was the first of its kind in Bangladesh. It engaged a range of aquaculture sector stakeholders, including farmers, farm managers, government officials, and researchers. The event is the second training dialogue held by the Bangladesh Academy for Climate and Services (BACS). BACS consists of the International Center for Climate Change and Development (ICCCAD) at Independent University, Bangladesh (IUB), the International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI) at the Earth Institute of Columbia University, the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) and the BMD. The event was co-organized and funded by WorldFish under the Capacitating Farmers and Fishers to Manage Climate Risks in South Asia (CaFFSA) project, in collaboration with CIMMYT, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the IRI. It was also funded by the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). The IRI provided additional financial and in-kind support via the Adapting Agriculture to Climate Today, for Tomorrow (ACToday) Columbia World Project, CIMMYT via the Climate Services for Resilient Development (CSRD) project, the CGIAR Research Program on Fish Agri-Food Systems, and the BMD. Aquaculture is critically important to food and nutrition security in Bangladesh. It provides 60 percent of animal protein requirements for Bangladeshis and makes up 3.65 percent of the country’s GDP. It has pulled more than 2 million of the 18 million Bangladeshis who have come out from poverty. However, the sector is vulnerable and impacted by climate variability. High temperatures can affect fish growth and reproduction, and erratic rainfall and fluctuation in temperature impact fish spawning. Shallow pond fish are particularly vulnerable to high temperatures. High temperatures also increase the growth of microphytes, leading to oxygen depletion and habitat degradation. Against this backdrop, climate services hold tremendous potential for aquaculture by providing timely information and tools to support more climate-resilient decisions. So far, however, climate services research and projects addressing food security in Bangladesh have largely focused on land-based agriculture. Information about the specific needs for climate services in the aquaculture sector remains scarce. This report addresses this gap. The training dialogue began with participants identifying different climate-sensitive management decisions they make and the climate information needed to inform those decisions. Climate plays a critical role in activities and decisions regarding releasing fingerlings, the timing of fish spawning, fish culture periods, pond aeration and pumping water. Water temperature, for example, can impact decisions on a variety of important factors, including irrigation, feeding, applying lime, managing water depth, netting, stocking fish feed, breeding and fertilizing. Rainfall can impact decisions on the use of input materials like paddle wheels, aqua medicine, aerators, zeolite, protective nets in ponds as well as feed management. Participants were then introduced to the basics of climate and climate services as necessary to directly address decisions and needs for aquaculture. Key concepts covered climate, weather, climate variability, timescales in weather and climate information, the source of climate data (buoys, weather stations, satellites), types of climate data (observational data, satellite data, model data), and lead time, uncertainty and sources of the predictability of forecasts. The four pillars of climate services - production, translation, communication, use - were also described. A series of hands-on exercises was followed. This allowed participants, trainers and facilitators to jointly unpack information needs and identify climate service opportunities and challenges. They did so according to timescale, specific aquaculture activities and through mapping the flow of information among stakeholders and along the four pillars of climate services. Through stakeholder mapping, suggestions for including new entities arose, such as the Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock (MOFL), shrimp farmers associations and trawler associations. Examples were then given of climate services already developed for agriculture. Examples included participatory communication processes, such as the Participatory Integrated Climate Services for Agriculture (PICSA) approach developed by the University of Reading with the CCAFS. Other examples included tools developed under the CSRD by CIMMYT, or the Intelligent Agricultural Systems Advisory Tool (ISAT), which is an advisory tool by ICRISAT. Some relatively new aquaculture applications were also presented, including the BMD aquaculture app as well as the Rupali app by the ACI, which is supported by WorldFish. After discussing the strengths, weakness and applicability to aquaculture of these climate services, the training dialogue familiarized participants with readily available climate products at the BMD. These included the Maprooms and Enhancing National Climate Services (ENACTS) data products, recently developed under ACToday, which are based on a gridded dataset merging both BMD observation data and satellite data along with re-analysis data. Through hands-on exercises, the participants explored how to access rainfall and temperature information online using the freely available interactive Maproom interface. They were also given the opportunity to discuss different aspects of these tools and suggest improvements. Over the various activities of the week, participants identified threats and opportunities and provided recommendations for different stakeholders to enhance the development of climate services for aquaculture. Suggested recommendations included strengthening collaboration among different government organizations, such as the BMD, Department of Fisheries (DOF), Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute (BFRI) and the Department of Agriculture Extension (DAE). They also emphasized the need for follow-up training, as well as capacity building of different stakeholders, such as aquaculture personnel, extension officers and researchers. It is important to highlight that women were not represented at the event, except for one participant and some of the facilitators. Although unintentional, participants selected from value chain actor organizations were male. This opened the door for possible gender biases. These include assessing climate-sensitive decision-making processes and information needs relevant to only male value chain actors, and considering the strengths and weaknesses of existing climate services solely from the perspective of male stakeholders. To avoid gender biases outcomes in future training events, more deliberate efforts are necessary to represent the diversity of actors’ perspectives in selecting participants.
Publication - Bed planters for service mechanics: experiential learning modules for sustainable intensification and agricultural service provision(CIMMYT, 2020) Krupnik, T.J.; Naher, K.; Islam, S.; Matin, Md. A.; Huq, S.M.; Begum S.A.; Hoque, M.A.; Nazim Uddin, S. Md.; Justice, S.; Khondker, M.E.J.; Hossain, I.This set of training modules focuses on ensuring that mechanics are able to make repairs to bed planter efficiently and correctly. It builds on other books in this series, and is designed so that anybody who uses these materials can easily conduct training – even those with a limited background in and understanding of agricultural engineering or machinery. By the conclusion of the training module (which can be completed in a single day of intensive training or in a multi-day, multi-session format), participant mechanics will be well equipped to repair bed planter as part of their ongoing agricultural machinery servicing business. However, users of this book should carefully read all the instructions on how to implement the training effectively in order to ensure the best learning experience possible for the participants. A key aspect of this is ensuring that the training is experiential and interactive, as discussed in the next section.
Publication - Bed planters for service providers: experiential learning modules for sustainable intensification and agricultural service provision(CIMMYT, 2020) Krupnik, T.J.; Naher, K.; Islam, S.; Matin, Md. A.; Huq, S.M.; Begum S.A.; Hoque, M.A.; Nazim Uddin, S. Md.; Justice, S.; Khondker, M.E.J.; Hossain, I.This set of training modules focuses on ensuring that service providers are able to make repairs to bed planters efficiently and correctly. It builds on other books in this series, and is designed so that anybody who uses these materials can easily conduct training – even those with a limited background in and understanding of agricultural engineering or machinery. By the conclusion of the training module (which can be completed in a single day of intensive training or in a multi-day, multi-session format), participant service providers will be well equipped to repair bed planters as part of their ongoing agricultural machinery service business. However, users of this book should carefully read all the instructions on how to implement the training effectively in order to ensure the best learning experience possible for the participants. A key aspect of this is ensuring that the training is experiential and interactive, as discussed in the next section.
Publication - Integrated weed management: experiential learning modules for sustainable intensification and agricultural service provision(CIMMYT, 2020) Krupnik, T.J.; Naher, K.; Islam, S.; Hoque, M.A.; Roy, A.; Kumar, V.; Begum S.A.; Hossain, I.; Hossain, K.; Sumona Shahrin; Gathala, M.K.; Shrestha, A.; Nazim Uddin, S. Md.Globally, weeds cause higher agricultural production losses than other agricultural pests. In a systematic review of the evidence on crop production losses, Oerke (2005) wrote that “Estimates on potential and actual losses despite the current crop protection practices are given for wheat, rice, maize, potatoes, soybeans, and cotton … weeds produced the highest potential loss (34%), with animal pests and pathogens being less important (losses of 18 and 16%)”. Weeds are therefore a consistent headache to farmers. They interfere with crops by competing for soil nutrients, light, and water. They are particularly problematic when crops are directly sown by machine, or under conditions of reduced tillage. They also constrain farmers with respect to their time and labor, and constitute an important production cost. This book covers critical topics for the principles and practice of integrated weed management (IWM) in the context of smallholder farming in the tropics, with emphasis on experiential and hands-on learning. The materials within provide a guide for training facilitators to conduct a rapid one-day training on IWM, including detailed instructions on how to facilitate a training, training material requirements, flip charts to facilitate discussions, and pre- and post-tests for training participants. IWM is better learned through multiple training sessions or as part of a farmer field school than in an individual one-day training. Hence while this book details several modular training sessions thatcan be conducted consecutively over a single day, they can also be broken up and applied as individual modules during a season long farmer field school, or for more targeted training sessions. Note also that training in IWM is needed prior to training farmers, machinery service providers (farmers who own equipment or machinery, such as seeding equipment or herbicide sprayers, and charge other farmers for their use on an affordable fee-for-service basis), or others in aspects of direct seeding or the practicalities of conservation agriculture (CA, such as zero- or striptillage). In the latter case, the cultural weed control concept of crop rotation fits nicely with CA principles. For this reason, training facilitators are encouraged to use these IWM modules prior to attempting to train farmers or service providers on these more advanced crop establishment techniques. IWM techniques are also commonly incorporated into the packages of services that agricultural service providers make available for farmer clients.
Publication - Power tiller-operated seeders for mechanics: experiential learning modules for sustainable intensification and agricultural service provision(CIMMYT, 2020) Krupnik, T.J.; Naher, K.; Islam, S.; Matin, Md. A.; Huq, S.M.; Begum S.A.; Hoque, M.A.; Nazim Uddin, S. Md.; Justice, S.; Khondker, M.E.J.; Hossain, I.Mechanical sowing refers to the placement of seeds into the soil by an agricultural machine or manually operated (but mechanical) device. Mechanical sowing, also referred to as mechanical seeding, is generally practiced in areas where there are constraints to labor availability or where farmers want to reduce the drudgery of planting seed by hand. It is typically utilized for cereal crops, but can also be applied to legumes and many other crops, including rice. When farmers or agricultural machinery service providers – people who own seeding machinery and rent out its use on an affordable fee-for-service basis – practice such seeding, the geometry of crop placement tends to be precise, so long as the machine is well calibrated, and correctly used and maintained (topics that are covered in this learning module). While mechanical seeding may not always result in increased yields, it does tend to save labor costs for farmers, and thus profit increases where yields are maintained compared to hand-sown seed. Further savings may result when farmers use mechanical seeding equipment that tills or prepares the soil at the same time as it sows seed, or where tillage is foregone, as in zero-till and conservation agriculture systems. Where the sowing date is critically important – for example, for wheat or maize grown in the tropics and sub-tropics – mechanical seeding can advance sowing dates, leading to potential yield increases compared to more time-consuming conventional planting involving multiple tillage passes and hand sowing. This book focuses on seeding machinery that can be attached to a two-wheeled tractor (sometimes called a ‘power tiller-operated seeder’, or PTOS), which typically has a rotovator to till the soil, and seed and fertilizer boxes with mechanisms to meter and place the seed and fertilizer into the soil in rows as the tractor moves forward. Other configurations exist, but we focus on the above because it tends to be the most commonly and commercially available seeding machine in South Asia, Southeast Asia and parts of Africa. More specifically, our focus is on two-wheeled ‘hand’ tractors (sometimes also called single-axle tractors) because of their wide suitability for smallholder farming conditions in both Asia and Africa, although they are also found in parts of Central and South America. The ‘scale-appropriate’ nature of this equipment for resource-constrained smallholder farmers is particularly appealing for agricultural development projects concerned with advancing appropriate technologies.
Publication - Mechanical line sowing with two-wheeled tractors for maize, wheat, legumes and direct seeded rice: experiential learning modules for sustainable intensification and agricultural service provision(CIMMYT, 2020) Krupnik, T.J.; Naher, K.; Islam, S.; Matin, Md. A.; Huq, S.M.; Begum S.A.; Hoque, M.A.; Nazim Uddin, S. Md.; Justice, S.; Khondker, M.E.J.; Hossain, I.Mechanical sowing refers to the placement of seeds into the soil by an agricultural machine or a manually operated (but mechanical) device. Mechanical sowing, also referred to as mechanical seeding, is generally practiced in areas where there are constraints to labor availability or where farmers want to reduce the drudgery of planting seed by hand. It is typically utilized for cereal crops, but can also be applied to legumes and many other crops, including rice. When farmers or agricultural machinery service providers – people who own seeding machinery and rent out its use on an affordable fee-for-service basis – practice such seeding, the geometry of crop placement tends to be precise, as long as the machine is well calibrated, and correctly used and maintained (topics that are covered in this learning module). While mechanical seeding may not always result in increased yields, it does save labor costs for farmers, and thus profit increases where yields are maintained compared to hand-sown seed. Further savings may result when farmers use mechanical seeding equipment that tills or prepares the soil as it sows seed, or where tillage is foregone, as in zero-till and conservation agriculture systems. Where the sowing date is critically important – for example, for wheat or maize grown in the tropics and sub-tropics – mechanical seeding can advance sowing dates, leading to potential yield increases compared to more time-consuming conventional planting involving multiple tillage passes and hand sowing. This book focuses on seeding machinery (sometimes called a power tiller-operated seeder, or PTOS), that can be attached to a two-wheeled tractor. It typically has a rotovator to till the soil, and seed and fertilizer boxes with mechanisms to meter and place the seed and fertilizer into the soil in rows as the tractor moves forward. Other configurations exist, but we focus on the above because they tend to be the most commonly and commercially available machines in South Asia, Southeast Asia and parts of Africa. In doing so, our focus is on two-wheeled ‘hand’ tractors (sometimes also called single-axle tractors) because of their wide suitability for smallholder farming conditions in both Asia and Africa, although they are also found in parts of Central and South America. The ‘scaleappropriate’ nature of this equipment for resourceconstrained smallholder farmers is particularly appealing for agricultural development projects concerned with advancing appropriate technologies.
Publication - Axial flow pumps and mixed flow pumps for mechanics: experiential learning modules for sustainable intensification and agricultural service provision(CIMMYT, 2020) Krupnik, T.J.; Naher, K.; Islam, S.; Matin, Md. A.; Huq, S.M.; Begum S.A.; Hoque, M.A.; Nazim Uddin, S. Md.; Justice, S.; Khondker, M.E.J.; Hossain, I.This set of training modules focuses on ensuring that mechanics are able to make repairs to axial flow pumps and mixed flow pumps efficiently and correctly. It builds on other books in this series, and is designed so that anybody who uses these materials can easily conduct training – even those with a limited background in and understanding of agricultural engineering or machinery. By the conclusion of the training module (which can be completed in a single day of intensive training or in a multi-day, multisession format), participant mechanics will be well equipped to repair axial and mixed flow pumps as part of their ongoing agricultural machinery servicing business. However, users of this book should carefully read all the instructions on how to implement the training effectively in order to ensure the best learning experience possible for the participants. A key aspect of this is ensuring that the training is experiential and interactive, as discussed in the next section. This training uses an experiential and hands-on modular format. It is based on a foundation of experiential and hands-on work, combined with discussion and reflection among participants. This means that although the facilitator is instructed on how to carry out the training and how to present materials, the format in which this is done should be horizontal and participatory, with room for adaptation and modification. We also underscore that farmers and agricultural machinery service providers – who are the target of this training – are experts in their own fields. They work daily on farms and have considerably more experience than most university educated technicians, researchers or extension agents. Attentively listening to their opinions and working with them to respond to their needs and experiences will facilitate improved learning and enhance the quality of any given training session. In this sense, it is the responsibility of the training facilitator to elicit the participants’ input, opinions and ideas, and to use these interactively to shape discussion and learning. Each facilitator therefore should think of him or herself as a guide whose goal is to elicit insight and ideas from the trainees, in order to enhance their learning process. The technical materials included in this document should therefore be seen as a guide to supplement the in-depth knowledge that the trainee farmers and agricultural machinery service providers already have.
Publication - Axial flow pump and mixed flow pump for service providers: experiential learning modules for sustainable intensification and agricultural service provision(CIMMYT, 2020) Krupnik, T.J.; Naher, K.; Islam, S.; Matin, Md. A.; Huq, S.M.; Begum S.A.; Hoque, M.A.; Nazim Uddin, S. Md.; Justice, S.; Khondker, M.E.J.; Hossain, I.This training uses an experiential and hands-on modular format. It is based on a foundation of experiential and hands-on work, combined with discussion and reflection among participants. This means that although the facilitator is instructed on how to carry out the training and how to present materials, the format in which this is done should be horizontal and participatory, with room for adaptation and modification. We also underscore that farmers and agricultural machinery service providers – who are the target of this training – are experts in their own fields. They work daily on farms and have considerably more experience than most university educated technicians, researchers, or extension agents. Attentively listening to their opinions and working with them to respond to their needs and experiences will result in the facilitation of improved learning and will enhance the quality of any given training session. In this sense, it is the responsibility of the training facilitator to elicit participants’ input, opinions and ideas, and to use these interactively to shape discussion and learning. Each facilitator therefore should think of him/herself as a guide whose goal is to elicit insight and ideas from the trainees, in order to enhance their learning process. The technical materials included in this document should therefore be seen as a guide to supplement the in-depth knowledge the trainee farmers and agricultural machinery service providers already have.
Publication - Self-propelled multi-crop reaper for mechanics: experiential learning modules for sustainable intensification and agricultural service provision(CIMMYT, 2020) Krupnik, T.J.; Naher, K.; Islam, S.; Matin, Md. A.; Huq, S.M.; Begum S.A.; Hoque, M.A.; Nazim Uddin, S. Md.; Justice, S.; Khondker, M.E.J.; Hossain, I.The self-propelled multi-crop reaper is an innovative machine suitable for smallholder farmers growing small- and medium-grain crops like rice, wheat and barley. It can facilitate rapid and low-cost harvesting, and is of particular interest in areas where farmers lack sufficient labor or need to clear fields rapidly so they can replant the next crop. Its small size and ease of operation and movement makes it ideal for many farmers in South Asia, Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The self-propelled multi-crop reaper increases reaping efficiency, from 225 or more hours per hectare when manual labor is used, to about five hours per hectare. In South Asia in particular, where rice-wheat cropping systems are dominant, late rice harvesting also sets back dry season planting, and can cause large yield losses for the subsequent crop – for example, up to 57 kg per hectare lost per day when wheat is late planted. Use of the multi-crop reaper can thus save farmers time and money, and accelerate the turnaround time between crops. This set of training modules focuses on ensuring that mechanics are able to make repairs efficiently and correctly to self-propelled multi-crop reapers. It builds on other books in this series, and is designed so that anybody who uses these materials can easily conduct training – even those with limited background and understanding of agricultural engineering or machinery. By the conclusion of the training module (which can be completed in a single day of intensive training, or in a multi-day, multi-session format), participant mechanics will be well-equipped to repair self-propelled multi-crop reapers as part of their ongoing agricultural machinery servicing business. However, users of this book should carefully read all instructions on how to implement the training effectively in order to ensure the best learning experience possible for participants. A key aspect of this is ensuring that the training is experiential and interactive, as discussed in the next section.
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