Person: Rai, M.
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- Gendered impacts of climate-smart agriculture on household food security and labor migration: insights from Bihar, India(Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2022) Agarwal, T.; Goel, P. A.; Gartaula, H.; Rai, M.; Bijarniya, D.; Rahut, D.B.; Jat, M.L.
Publication - Crop nutrient management using Nutrient Expert improves yield, increases farmers’ income and reduces greenhouse gas emissions(Nature Publishing Group, 2021) Sapkota, T.; Jat, M.L.; Dharamvir Singh Rana; Khatri-Chhetri, A.; Jat, H.S.; Bijarniya, D.; Sutaliya, J.M.; Kumar, M.; Singh, L.K.; Jat, R.K.; Kalvaniya, K.C.; Prasad, G.; Sidhu, H.S.; Rai, M.; Satyanarayana, T.; Majumdar, K.
Publication - Does climate-smart village approach influence gender equality in farming households? A case of two contrasting ecologies in India(Springer, 2020) Hariharan, V.K.; Mittal, S.; Rai, M.; Agarwal, T.; Kalvaniya, K.C.; Stirling, C.; Jat, M.L.Evidence from climate-smart village (CSV) approach to mainstream climate-smart agriculture (CSA) demonstrates improved productivity, income, and reduced climatic risks. However, its contribution to gender empowerment in diverse farming households is not documented. This study creates a Gender Empowerment Index for climate-smart villages (GEI-CSV) based on four major measurable indicators—political, economic, agricultural, and social. The gender gap was derived by mapping difference in empowerment levels across selected CSVs and non-CSVs. These indicators can be used as a vital tool to understand the process of gender empowerment that can trigger the entry points to achieve gender equality, which is also an important aspect in the adoption of climate-smart agriculture practices (CSAPs). The study measures empowerment at the inter-household and intra-household level across CSVs and non-CSVs from the individual household survey with both female and male members of the same household. This paper provides evidence demonstrating how gender empowerment differs in CSVs and non-CSVs from selected climate-smart villages (community-based approach) in two contrasting ecologies and socioeconomic settings of India. The study documents the existing gender gap in CSVs and non-CSVs across India’s western (Haryana) and eastern (Bihar) Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). Irrespective of CSVs and non-CSVs, considerable differences in outlook and gender gap were observed between Bihar and Haryana. Both women and men in Bihar are less empowered than they are in Haryana. High empowerment level in CSVs than non-CSVs shows that the concept of CSVs has brought a change towards knowledge and capacity enhancement of both women and men farmers promoting gender equality in farming households with a varying scope of interventions made and required for scaling CSAPs across the diversity of farming households.
Publication - Correction to: Does climate-smart village approach influence gender equality in farming households? A case of two contrasting ecologies in India(Springer, 2020) Hariharan, V.K.; Mittal, S.; Rai, M.; Agarwal, T.; Kalvaniya, K.C.; Stirling, C.; Jat, M.L.
Publication - Learning adaptation to climate change from past climate extremes: evidence from recent climate extremes in Haryana, India(Emerald Publishing Limited, 2020) Aryal, J.P.; Jat, M.L.; Sapkota, T.; Rahut, D.B.; Rai, M.; Jat, H.S.; Sharma, P.C.; Stirling, C.Conservation agriculture-based wheat production system (CAW) can serve as an ex ante measure to minimize loss due to climate risks, especially the extreme rainfall during the wheat production season in India. This study aims to examine whether farmers learn from their past experiences of exposure to climate extremes and use the knowledge to better adapt to future climate extremes. to better adapt to future climate extremes. Design/methodology/approach – The authors used data collected from 184 farmers from Haryana over three consecutive wheat seasons from 2013-2014 to 2015-2016 and multivariate logit model to analyse the driver of the adoption of CAW as an ex ante climate risk mitigating strategies based on their learning and censored Tobit model to analyse the intensity of adoption of CAW as an ex ante climate risk mitigation strategy. Farmer’s knowledge and key barriers to the adoption of CAW were determined through focus group discussions. The analysis shows that the majority of farmers who had applied CAW in the year 2014-2015 (a year with untimely excess rainfall during the wheat season) have continued to practice CAW and have increased the proportion of land area allocated to it. Many farmers shifted from CTW to CAW in 2015-2016. While farmers now consider CAW as an ex ante measure to climate risks, a technology knowledge gap exists, which h limits its adoption. Therefore, designing appropriate methods to communicate scientific evidence is crucial. – This paper uses three years panel data from 184 farm households in Haryana, India, together with focus groups discussions with farmers and interviews with key informants to assess if farmers learn adaptation to climate change from past climate extremes.
Publication - Integration of gender considerations in climate-smart agriculture R4D in South Asia: useful research questions(2017) Farnworth, C.; Badstue, L.B.; Jat, M.L.; Rai, M.; Agarwal, T.Agriculture takes place in a social context. South Asia is a large and heterogeneous region of mixed farming systems and different cultures and social systems, which can enable or constrain opportunities and outcomes differently, for different social groups. Gender and other social relational factors have direct implications for who is able to learn about, try out, take up, and benefit from agricultural research for development (AR4D). Aimed at researchers working with climate-smart agriculture (CSA) in South Asia, this resource suggests a set of issues to consider in relation to the integration of gender in climate-smart agricultural research for development. CSA practices address production challenges through a variety of short- and long-term strategies that aim to increase resilience to extreme weather and decrease agriculture’s contribution to climate change, while meeting people’s food security needs. Conservation agriculture (CA) has received considerable attention as a cost-saving set of practices that can promote conservation of soil, energy, and labor in farming systems around the world. CA is also widely considered as having an important role to play in strategies contributing to global food security as well as improving resilience and adaptation to climate change. Built around a core set of interlocking soil and water conservation practices that help to create a closed and interdependent farming system, CA’s core practices include minimum tillage, soil cover (e.g., retention of residues), and crop diversification. However, current adoption rates in South Asia are often low and weakly sustained beyond the lifetimes of CA projects. Climate change often exacerbates the problems and inequities that poor rural women face. Their roles and livelihoods are highly dependent on the natural resources most threatened by climate change. The feminization of agriculture underscores the need to ensure that both men and women are able to learn about, try out, take up, and benefit from improved agricultural technologies, including climate-smart practices.
Publication - Greenhouse gas measurement from smallholder production systems: guidelines for static chamber method(CIMMYT, 2014) Sapkota, T.; Rai, M.; Singh, L.K.; Gathala, M.K.; Jat, M.L.; Sutaliya, J.M.; Bijarniya, D.; Jat, M.K.; Jat, R.K.; Parihar, C.M.; Kapoor, P.; Jat, H.S.; Dadarwal, R.S.; Sharma, P.C.; Sharma, D.K.Renewed interest in quantifying greenhouse gas emissions from soil has led to development and application of multitude of techniques. But, chamber-based flux measurement technique is most common and frequently used method for GHG flux measurement in smallholder production systems. Despite the apparent conceptual simplicity of chamber-based methods, chamber design, deployment, and data analyses can have marked effects on the quality of the flux data derived from chamber-based measurement. This also have implications on making comparisons of GHGs emissions from the studies by various researchers even within similar cropping systems and management practices. Therefore, harmonization of GHGs emission studies by chamber based method is necessary. This synthesis provides standard guidelines to scientists involved in GHG quantification by using chamber based methods as well as to facilitate inter study comparison. As any methodology or protocol, chamber methodology has also gone rigorous modification, refinement and improvement over time. Further, type of materials used, dimension, place and time of deployment, sampling time and frequency and analysis method differs slightly from location to location based on the systems being studied, resources availability and so on. Efforts have been made to summarize minimum requirement but also highlighting the need of site-specific consideration. Adoption of harmonized methods that is sensitive and unbiased will result into less error and allows accurate interpolation and extrapolation over time and space.
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