This analytic overview provides agricultural development partners with a synthesis of the research and policy environment necessary to improve wheat agricultural productivity and address food insecurity for more of Afghanistan’s citizens using a gender-sensitive and inclusive approach. It outlines how an insufficient focus on the barriers women face continues to have a significant impact on the nation’s agricultural productivity, economic growth and food security. The Afghan Constitution declares women and men to have equal rights and privileges. However, the reality is different. This inequality is an ongoing barrier to economic growth in the agricultural sector.