Person: Borlaug, N.E.
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Borlaug, N.E.
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- Progress in developing triticale as an economic crop(CIMMYT, 1971) Zillinsky; Borlaug, N.E.This report summarizes the progress made and some of the problems encountered in the Triticale program at CIMMYT during the past year and a supplement to the reports prepared in 1968 and 1969. Since copies of the previous reports are no longer available it was necessary to review or repeat some sections to provide a better continuity of developments in the Triticale program. It is directed primarily to research workers associated with the improvement of triticales as a commercial crop. It is hoped that these reports will help to stimulate the exchange of ideas and information among research workers in all parts of the world. Reports, sug gestions and informal data from others interested in triticales would be appreciated.
Publication - Results of the third Near East American Spring Wheat Yield Nursery, 1963-1965(CIMMYT, 1966) Krull, C.F.; Narvaez Morales, I.; Borlaug, N.E.; Ortega, J.; Vázquez, G.; Rodriguez, R.; Meza, C.The cooperative Food and Agriculture Organization-Rockefeller Foundation, Near East-American Spring Wheat Yield Nursery originated as an outgrowth of a recommendation made by Dr. Jose Vallega (formerly with the Ministry of Agriculture of Argentina and now
Publication - Results of the fourth Inter-American Spring Wheat Yield Nursery 1963-1964(CIMMYT, 1967) Krull, C.F.; Narvaez Morales, I.; Borlaug, N.E.; Ortega, G.; Rodriguez, R.; Meza, C.Prior to 1960. a number of scientists who had had occasion to stqdy uniform sets of material such as the International Rust Nursery of the United States Department of Agriculture. noticed that, apart from disease reaction. some varieties appear to be much wider adapted than others. Beginning in 1960, a series of Inter-American Spring Wheat Yield Nurseries have been seeded throughout the wheat growing regions of the hemisphere as well as at a few locations in the Near-EastandAfrica. The results of three of these nurseries have been previously published (1, 2, 3), and the present publication includes the results of the fourth and final of these nurseries and a somewhat more thorough statistical treatment than was previously possible. These nurseries have been designed to furnish definitive, quantitative data concerning the range of adaptation of the major wheat types of the. world under the range of environmental condition!i of the American wheat growing areas.
Publication - Hybrid wheats: their development and food potential(CIMMYT, 1967) Rodriguez, R.; Quiñones L., M.A.; Borlaug, N.E.; Narvaez Morales, I.There is no general overproduction of wheat in the world today. However, since the termination of World War II a few countries, such as the U.S.A., Canada, Australia and Argentina, either temporarily or over a period of years, have been accumulating "surplus" stock. These "surpluses" frequently have been burdensome to the national economies of these countries. Simultaneously, a shortage of wheat exists in many countries of the world which traditionally use wheat as an important part of their diet. Countries such as China, India, Pakistan, U.S.S.R., Brazil, and many smaller countries, would like to purchase .additional wheat, but are frequently, because of limitations in purchasing power, unable to import more than a portion of the quantity they need. In order to reduce the economic drain resulting from wheat purchases, many importing countries are currently making a serious effort to increase their domestic wheat production through the development of research and extension programs designed to modernize production methods. These decisions are made in order to keep their food deficit from becoming worse. The world population will double within the next 35 years, assuming an overall population increase of 2 per cent per year. Many areas of the world that are most in need of food have populations that are increasing at the rate of more than 3 per cent per year. Such populations will double within 20 to 25 years. Where will the food come from to feed this exploding world population? There are groups within countries temporarily plagued with "food surpluses" who would curtail agricultural research as a remedy for overproduction. Such action, if carried out, would in the long run be disastrous both to the nations involved and for the world in general. Anyone who looks toward the future food needs of the world, soon realizes that every effort must be made toward increasing knowledge and improving the materials and methods for increasing food production potential. The cereal crops are unique in that they can simultaneously provide a large part of the caloric and protein requirements of the human diet. As the world population soars it will become necessary to substitute an increasing proportion of the world protein requirements now supplied by animal protein, from cereals. It will be necessary in the future to both improve the nutritional quality of cereal proteins and to expand their production. The development of commercial hybrid wheat varieties is one way of increasing wheat production.
Publication - Results of the first International Spring Wheat Yield Nursery 1964-1965(CIMMYT, 1968) Krull, C.F.; Borlaug, N.E.; Meza, C.; Narvaez Morales, I.Adaptation is perhaps the most elusive concept in plant breeding. Not only is there surprisingly little information concerning the performance of varieties over a broad range of environments in even the major crop plants, hut there is considerable confusion among plant breeders as to whether broad adaptation is desirable or not. Even in wheat, the most extensively seeded crop in the world, there is remarkably little systematic data concerning the adaptation of the major varietal types in different areas of the world. Adaptation in wheat can be considered from many points of view. It may be measured by e. g. flowering date, maturity date, resistance to important diseases or pests, winter survival and yield. Grain yield is the most comprehensive gauge of adaptation, but it is cumbersome to measure and influenced by many inter-related factors. Yield, however, is the most meaningful measure of adaptation in terms of world food needs. The United States Department of Agriculture's International Spring Wheat Rust Nursery has obtained a lot of very valuable information concerning resistance to pathogens throughout the world's important wheat regions. Disease losses can lower yields markedly, and if yield is to be used as the measure of adaptation, disease resistance plays a very important role. Disease is, however, only one of the factors affecting yield. Beginning in 1960 a series of Inter-American yield trials were conducted to test the main varieties of the hemisphere throughout the principal spring wheat regions of the Americas. The results of these nurseries ( 1, 2, 3, 8) indicated that certain varieties showed very wide adaptation while others - particularly the North American ones - were very poorly adapted outside their areas of origin. A parallel series of yield nurseries were run in cooperation with the Food and Agriculture Organization throughout the Near East. The results ( 4, 5, 7) were quite similar to those from the Inter-American series, and many of the same varieties, such as Pitic 62, were high yielding in both sets. It was therefore
Publication - Results of the second International Spring Wheat Yield Nursery, 1965-1966(CIMMYT, 1968) Krull, C.F.; Cabrera, A.; Borlaug, N.E.; Narvaez Morales, I.For the past several years the Rockefeller Foundation and later the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) has prepared and coordinated a series of international yield trials in spring wheats. Originally two different yield tests were prepared, one for the Near East and the second for the Americas. In 1964 both were combined into a single worldwide nursery for seeding wherever spring wheats are grown. This report covers the results from the second of these combined nurseries.
Publication - A survey on stem rust resistance in the USDA world durum collection and in CIMMYT durum breeding lines(CIMMYT, 1970) Rajaram, S.; Devecioglu, B.; Borlaug, N.E.; Finlay, K.W.; Varughese, G.; Rodriguez, E.Utilizing the stem rust races with known pathogenicity genes, 349 varieties of durums have been screened. These varieties were selected from over 3,000 of the USDA World Durum Collection on basis of their field reaction when grown in the Yaqui Valley, Mex
Publication - Results of the third International Spring Wheat Yield Nursery (ISWYN), 1966-1967(CIMMYT, 1970) Finlay, K.W.; Krull, C.F.; Borlaug, N.E.Fifty wheat vanettes representative of the major spring types were tested in the Third International Spring Wheat Yield Nursery ( ISWYN). Results were obtained from 62 locations throughout the spring wheat regions of the world. Data received included yield and other agronomic and disease traits. These data were analyzed statistically and correlations were calculated between the means of all traits measured for each location. Two new varieties, Super X and Inia 66, proved generally well adapted as indicated by their overall mean yield. Also, the varieties Pitic 62, Lerma Rojo 64A and Penjamo 62 were again among the five highest yielding varieties. This suggests that from year to year some varieties do well over a very wide range of environments and yet improvements can be made. The results from this ISWYN further support the previous contention that it is possible to breed varieties that have a much wider range of adaptation than was previously thought possible.
Publication - Norman E. Borlaug: the green revolution, peace and humanity: speech delivered upon receipt of the 1970 Nobel Prize, Oslo Norway, 1970(CIMMYT, 1972) Borlaug, N.E.In his book "The Green Revolution" Dr. Borlaug relates that the Mexican wheat program aimed at clarifying all the factors that hampered production. Furthermore, the idea was to train young scientists in all scientific disciplines associated with productio
Publication - Preliminar report of the results of the first (1) Cooperative Near East-American Spring Wheat Yield Nursery(CIMMYT, 1964) Borlaug, N.E.; Ortega, C.; Rodriguez, R.The Cooperative Near East-American Spring Wheat Yield Nursery originated as an outgrowth of a recommendation made by Drs. Jose Vallega (Ministry of Agriculture of Argentina) and Norman E. Borlaug (The Rockefeller Foundation) during their assignment as Temporary Consultants to FoA. O. in 1960 to evaluate the Near and Middle East Wheat and Barley Project (1). At that time concrete recommendations also were made for establishing Training Scholarships to be sponsored and directed by F.A.O., with financial assistance from The Rockefeller Foundation, and with responsibility for the scientific training of this group of young scientists to be vested jointly in the scientific staffs of the Wheat Improvement Programs of the National Agricultural Research Institute of the Mexican Ministry of Agriculture (Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agricolas) and The Rockefeller Foundation in Mexico, Theqe two widely different activities, both of which form a part of the same objective, namely that of increasing wheat yields and production in the Near and Middle East countries, have evolved as integral parts of the same program. The young scientists from the Near and Middle East countries, while in Mexico on their training scholarships - in which they are given broad general experience and training in wheat breeding, agronomy, soil fertility, plant pathology and cereal technology - have participated in the preparation of the nurseries, and upon returning to their respective countries have become active participants in growing the nurseries and in the recording of data. During the past three years 24 young scientists from the Near and Middle East have received training in Mexico and are now back in their respective countries participating in wheat and barley improvement programs, which among other activities include the growing of this coopenative nursery.
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