Person: Morgounov, A.
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Morgounov
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Morgounov, A.
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- Genomic wide association study and selective sweep analysis identify genes associated with improved yield under drought in Turkish winter wheat germplasm(Nature Publishing Group, 2024) Sehgal, D.; Rathan, N.D.; Ozdemir, F.; Keser, M.; Akin, B.; Dababat, A.A.; Koc, E.; Dreisigacker, S.; Morgounov, A.
Publication - Diversity and adaptation of currently grown wheat landraces and modern germplasm in Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkey(MDPI, 2021) Morgounov, A.; Ozdemir, F.; Keser, M.; Akin, B.; Dababat, A.A.; Dreisigacker, S.; Golkari, S.; Koc, E.; Kucukcongar, M.; Muminjanov, H.; Nehe, A.; Rasheed, A.; Roostaei, M.; Sehgal, D.; Sharma, R.
Publication - Genetic gains in wheat in Turkey: winter wheat for dryland conditions(Elsevier, 2017) Keser, M.; Gummadov, N.; Akin, B.; Belen, S.; Mert, Z.; Taner, S.; Topal, A.; Yazar, S.; Morgounov, A.; Sharma, R.; Ozdemir, F.Wheat breeders in Turkey have been developing new varieties since the 1920s, but few studies have evaluated the rates of genetic improvement. This study determined wheat genetic gains by evaluating 22 winter/facultative varieties released for rainfed conditions between 1931 and 2006. The study was conducted at three locations in Turkey during 2008–2012, with a total of 21 test sites. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replicates in 2008 and 2009 and three replicates in 2010–2012. Regression analysis was conducted to determine genetic progress over time. Mean yield across all 21 locations was 3.34 t ha−1 , but varied from 1.11 t ha−1 to 6.02 t ha−1 and was highly affected by moisture stress. Annual genetic gain was 0.50% compared to Ak-702, or 0.30% compared to the first modern landmark varieties. The genetic gains in drought-affected sites were 0.75% compared to Ak-702 and 0.66% compared to the landmark varieties. Modern varieties had both improved yield potential and tolerance to moisture stress. Rht genes and rye translocations were largely absent in the varieties studied. The number of spikes per unit area decreased by 10% over the study period, but grains spike−1 and 1000-kernel weight increased by 10%. There were no significant increases in harvest index, grain size, or spike fertility, and no significant decrease in quality over time. Future use of Rht genes and rye translocations in breeding programs may increase yield under rainfed conditions.
Publication - International Winter Wheat Improvement Program: history, activities, impact and future(Higher Education Press, 2019) Morgounov, A.; Ozdemir, F.; Keser, M.; Akin, B.; Payne, T.S.; Braun, H.J.International Winter Wheat Improvement Program (IWWIP) was established in 1986 between the Government of Turkey and CIMMYT with three main objectives: (1) develop winter/facultative germplasm for Central and West Asia, (2) facilitate global winter wheat germplasm exchange, and (3) training wheat scientists. ICARDA joined the program in 1991 making it a three-way partnership that continues to work effectively. The germplasm developed by IWWIP as well as the winter wheat cultivars and lines received from global cooperators are assembled into international nurseries. These nurseries are offered annually to public and private entities (IWWIP website) and distributed to more than 100 cooperators in all continents. IWWIP impact has primarily been in new winter wheat cultivars combining broad adaptation, high yield potential, drought tolerance and disease resistance. A total of 93 IWWIP cultivars have been released in 11 countries occupying annually an estimated 2.5–3.0 Mha. IWWIP cooperation with researchers in Turkey, Central and West Asia and several US universities has resulted in a number of publications reviewed in this paper. Important IWWIP impacts include national inventories of wheat landraces in Turkey, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, their collection, characterization, evaluation and utilization.
Publication - Türkiye’de yerel buğday popülasyonlarının durumu ve yerel buğday ureten ureticilerin uretim kararlarında etkili olan faktörlerin belirlenmesi(Gaziosmanpasa University, 2017) Kan, M.; Kucukcongar, M.; Morgounov, A.; Keser, M.; Ozdemir, F.; Muminjanov, H.; Qualset, C.Türkiye önemli gen merkezlerinden biri olup aynı zamanda buğdayın anavatanı konumundadır. Anadolu’da 10.000 yıllık bir tarihi olan buğdayın stratejik bir ürün olmasının yanı sıra kültürel bir mirastır. Bu kültürel miras ve genetik çeşitlilik teknolojideki ilerlemeler, girdi kullanımındaki artış, artan nüfus, daha fazla verim ve daha fazla ekonomik kazanç elde edinme isteği gibi nedenlerle yerini yeni modern buğday çeşitlerine bırakmış, yani genetik erozyona uğramıştır. Bu çalışma ile ekim alanları daralmış yerel buğday popülasyonlarını (YBP) üreten üreticilerin bu popülasyonları üretmeye devam etmelerinde etkili olan faktörler ortaya konulmaya çalışmıştır. Çalışma 2009-2014 yıllarında Gıda, Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı, CIMMYT ve ICARDA tarafından koordine edilen IWWIP (International Winter Wheat Improvement Program-Uluslararası Kışlık Buğday Geliştirme Programı) çatısı altında ve son 2 yılında FAO işbirliğinde Türkiye’de 65 ilde yürütülmüştür. “Gayeli Örnekleme Yöntemi” ile belirlenen yerleşim yerlerinde toplam 1873 yerel buğday üreticisi ile yüz yüze anket soru formları doldurulmuştur. Sonuç olarak, Türkiye’de yerel buğday popülasyonlarının hala dağlık ve tarımsal faaliyetlerin daha çok geleneksel sistemlerle yapıldığı alanlarda kendi ihtiyacını karşılamak amacı ile üretilmekte olduğu belirlenmiştir. Geleneksel tat ve lezzet ile hayvancılık faaliyetlerinin bu popülasyonun devam etmesindeki en önemli etkenler olduğu ortaya konulmuştur.
Publication - Wheat landraces currently grown in Turkey: distribution, diversity, and use(Crop Science Society of America (CSSA), 2016) Morgounov, A.; Keser, M.; Kan, M.; Kucukcongar, M.; Ozdemir, F.; Gummadov, N.; Muminjanov, H.; Zuev, E.; Qualset, C.From 2009 to 2014 a nationwide effort was made to document, collect, conserve, and characterize wheat landraces grown by Turkish farmers. Spike samples were collected from more than 1600 farmers from 59 provinces, planted as single-spike progenies, and classified into species, subspecies, and botanical varieties (or morphotypes). Altogether, 95 morphotypes were identified representing three species and six subspecies: einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum L.), emmer wheat [T. turgidum subsp. dicoccon (Schrank) Thell.], cone wheat (T. turgidum subsp. turgidum), durum wheat [T. turgidum subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.], bread wheat (T. aestivum L. subsp. aestivum), and club wheat [T. aestivum subsp. compactum (Host) Mackey]. Compared with a nationwide survey in 1920, these findings represent a loss of 50 to 70% of the diversity found in 1920, though in four provinces, little if any loss occurred. Based on the Shannon diversity index (H¢) and number of morphotypes, the highest diversity for bread wheat was observed in Manisa, Konya, Iğdır, Diyarbakır, and Tokat provinces and for durum wheat in Adana, Diyarbakır, and Hatay provinces. Socioeconomic data indicated that landrace farmers are found mostly in remote mountainous subsistence communities with very little grain trade, small areas planted to wheat, and relatively simple production technologies. The key reasons famers continue to grow landraces are their grain qualities and adaptation to abiotic stresses. In situ conservation should be targeted at provinces with the highest morphotype diversity, with the rarest landraces, and with the highest share of farmers growing landraces.
Publication - Genetic gains in wheat in Turkey: winter wheat for irrigated conditions(Elsevier, 2015) Gummadov, N.; Keser, M.; Akin, B.; Cakmak, M.; Mert, Z.; Taner, S.; Ozturk, I.; Topal, A.; Yazar, S.; Morgounov, A.The study estimated genetic gain for yield and other traits in winter wheat released for irrigated environments in Turkey from 1963 to 2004. Yield trials including 14 varieties were grown in 16 environments from 2008 to 2012 in provinces of Konya, Eskişehir, Ankara, and Edirne. The highest yields were achieved by recent varieties Kinaci-97 (5.48 t ha− 1), Cetinel-2000 (5.39 t ha− 1), Alpu-2001 (5.44 t ha− 1), Ahmetaga (5.35 t ha− 1), and Ekiz-2004 (5.42 t ha− 1) compared to older varieties Yektay-406 (4.17 t ha− 1) and Bezostaya-1 (4.27 t ha− 1) released in the 1960s. The progress reached in grain yield in 20 years was 1.16 t ha− 1 or 58 kg ha− 1 (1.37%) per year. This gain was mainly achieved through shorter plant height and increased harvest index. There was no clear tendency of changes in specific yield components demonstrating that new high-yielding varieties may have different ways to reach their yield potentials. The yield gains were accompanied by improved stripe rust and leaf rust resistances primarily based on adult plant resistance genes. The grain quality of the new varieties did not deteriorate over time although most of them were inferior to the bread-making quality check Bezostaya-1, a feature that may require attention in future breeding.
Publication - Yield stability analysis of winter wheat genotypes targeted to semi-arid environments in the international winter wheat improvement program(Global Science Books, 2012) Sharma, R.; Morgounov, A.; Braun, H.J.; Akin, B.; Keser, M.; Kaya, Y.; Khalikulov, Z.I.; Van Ginkel, M.; Yahyaoui, A.; Rajaram, S.Improved winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars for semi-arid environments in Central and West Asia are needed to increase wheat productivity. This study was conducted to determine the performance of winter wheat genotypes for semi-arid environments, analyze their stability, and identify superior genotypes that could be valuable for winter wheat improvement or varietal release. One hundred thirty three advanced breeding lines and four check cultivars were tested over a 6-year period (2005-2010). Grain yield stability and agronomic traits were analyzed. Many genotypes produced higher grain yield and were more stable than one or more of the checks in each year. By and large, different genotypes showed superior performance under low and high productive environments, demonstrating their specific adaptability. However, 11 out of 30 highest yielding genotypes were common both under low and high productive environments. This shows that while in general different sets of genetic materials are needed under strictly semi-arid and irrigated environments, a few lines targeted towards stressed conditions possess yield plasticity resulting in superior performance both under dryland and irrigated conditions.
Publication - Progress in host plant resistance in wheat to Russian wheat aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in North Africa and West Asia(Southern Cross Publishing Group, 2011) Bouhssini, M. El; Ogbonnaya, F.C.; Ketata, H.; Mosaad, M.M.; Street, K.; Amri, A.; Keser, M.; Rajaram, S.; Morgounov, A.; Rihawi, F.; Dabus, A.; Smith, C.M.Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov), is an important pest of wheat and barley in several countries of North Africa and West Asia, e.g., Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Ethiopia, Yemen, Turkey and Iran. Host plant resistance is the most economical and practical means of controlling this insect. Field and greenhouse screening of introduced and local wheat germplasm at ICARDA resulted in the identification of several sources of resistance which were subsequently incorporated into ICARDA elite wheat germplasm and distributed as RWA gene pool to NARS (National Agricultural Research Systems) in affected countries. Crosses were initiated in 1998 to introgress resistance into winter/facultative bread wheat and the segregating populations were evaluated for RWA resistance and agronomic performance at the ICARDA Experiment Station at Tel Hadya. Selected advanced lines were sent to North African, and West Asian countries for evaluation of RWA and disease resistance and agronomic adaptation under local conditions. Additional identified sources of RWA resistance are now in use in the ICARDA wheat breeding program. Haplotype analysis using molecular markers previously identified as diagnostic for Dn resistance genes revealed that some recently identified resistance sources are unrelated to previously described Dn1-Dn9 genes, and may represent new genes for deployment in RWA breeding. These apparent novel resistance gene(s) could be effective against some of the more virulent biotypes and could be deployed in breeding programs to increase the diversity of available genetic resistances. The reaction of wheat differentials containing different Dn genes indicates that the Syrian RWA biotype is less virulent than US RWA2 biotype.
Publication - Adoption and impacts of improved winter and spring wheat varieties in Turkey(ICARDA, 2009) Mazid, A.; Amegbeto, K.N.; Keser, M.; Morgounov, A.; Peker, K.; Bagci, A.; Akin, M.; Kucukcongar, M.; Kan, M.; Karabak, S.; Semerci, A.; Altikat, A.; Yaktubay, S.Wheat is one of the most important agricultural commodities in Turkey, and the country ranks among the top ten producers in the world. It is a staple and strategic crop, and an essential food in the Turkish diet, consumed mostly as bread, but also as bulgur, yufka (flat bread) and cookies. Total annual wheat production is estimated at 17.7 million tonnes, valued at approximately US$5 billion in 2006/07 (FAO, 2009). Value addition via processing make the wheat industry one of the major sectors in the economy. Wheat production increased in the late 1970s, enabling the country to become a wheat exporter, though production declined in the 1980s. With its research infrastructure and a core of well-trained scientists, Turkey has also made a significant contribution to international efforts to improve winter wheat production. In 1986, the government of Turkey and CIMMYT, joined by ICARDA in 1990, established the International Winter Wheat Improvement Program (IWWIP). Several improved wheat varieties have since been jointly developed, disseminated and grown by producers both in Turkey and elsewhere in the world. Other varieties were also introduced into the country, particularly with the implementation of new agricultural policies in the 1980s, and both private companies and public agencies introduced new varieties at an accelerated rate. However, there has been no systematic monitoring of the adoption of these varieties, and economic impacts on producers were not evaluated. Key socio-economic research questions remain unanswered, especially whether these improved varieties have effectively contributed to achieving their intended impacts.
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