Person: Hoisington, D.A.
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Hoisington
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D.A.
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Hoisington, D.A.
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- Opportunities for nutritionally enhanced maize and wheat varieties to combat protein and micronutrient malnutrition(SAGE Publications Inc., 2002) Hoisington, D.A.
Publication - Integration of novel SSR and gene-based SNP marker loci in the chickpea genetic map and establishment of new anchor points with Medicago truncatula genome(Springer Verlag, 2010) Nayak, S.N.; Zhu, H.; Varghese, N.; Datta, S.; Choi, H.K.; Horres, R.; Jüngling, R.; Singh, J.; Kavikishor, P.B.; Sivaramakrishnan, S.; Hoisington, D.A.; Kahl, G.; Winter, P.; Cook, D.; Varshney, R.K.
Publication - An international reference consensus genetic map with 897 marker loci based on 11 mapping populations for tetraploid groundnut (arachis hypogaea l.)(Public Library of Science, 2012) Gautami, B.; Foncéka, D.; Pandey, M.K.; Moretzsohn, M.C.; Sujay, V.; Hongde Qin; Yanbin Hong; Faye, I.; Xiaoping Chen; Bhanuprakash, A.; Shah, T.; Gowda, M.V.C.; Nigam, S.N.; Xuanqiang Liang; Hoisington, D.A.; Baozhu Guo; Bertioli, D.; Rami, J.F.; Varshney, R.K.
Publication - Laboratory Information Management Software for genotyping workflows: applications in high throughput crop genotyping(BioMed Central, 2006) Jayashree, B.; Reddy, P.T.; Leeladevi, Y.; Crouch, J.H.; Mahalakshmi, V.; Buhariwalla, H.K.; Eshwar, K.E.; Mace, E.; Folksterma, R.; Senthilvel, S.; Varshney, R.K.; Seetha, K.; Rajalakshmi, R.; Prasanth, V.P.; Chandra, S.; Swarupa, L.; SriKalyani, P.; Hoisington, D.A.
Publication - Biotechnology applications for wheat improvement at CIMMYT(The Scientific and Technology Research Council of Turkey, 2005) William, H.M.; Singh, R.P.; Trethowan, R.; Van Ginkel, M.; Pellegrineschi, A.; Huerta-Espino, J.; Hoisington, D.A.
Publication - Construcción de un mapa genético para trigo harinero mediante RFLPs y SSRs(Sociedad Mexicana de Fitogenética, 2001) Guillen Andrade, H.; Khairallah, M.M.; Singh, R.P.; Castillo Gonzalez, F.; Hoisington, D.A.
Publication - Optimization of an in vitro bioassay for wheat diseases(CIMMYT, 2000) Salgado, M.; Pellegrineschi, A.; Mezzalama, M.; McLean, S.D.; Hoisington, D.A.Alternaria triticina, Fusarium graminearum, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, Blpolaris sorokinisna (Helminthosporium sativum); Pythium sp., and Rhizoctonia sp. were tested on the basis of being a representative group of important fungal pathogens in order to establish a reliable bloassay system to test eventual fungal resistance in transgenic plants. The inoculum was prepared on V-8 agar medium (in petri dishes) for P. tritici-repents and Pythlum sp., and on PDA (potato dextrose agar) medium for the other fungi. The cultures were incubated at room temperature for 7- 10 days in a culture chamber with a constant standard illumination. The suspensions of conidia or micella were prepared on sterile distilled water with 1 few drops of tween 20 and scrapings of the fungi culture. The inoculum was homogenized by vorlexing the suspension for a few seconds. The concentration used for the conidia solution was adjusted to 106 conidia/ml. Fresh leaf samples from adult plants (heading stage) were sterilized and then dipped In the inoculum suspension. The inoculated leaves were then transferred to water agar medium (1% agar), in 8-well rectangular multi-dishes, at room temperature. The level of resistance of the material to these pathogens was evaluated 4-7 days after inoculation. We believe that the routine use of this protocol (fast, reliable, and inexpensive) could allow the easy identification of resistant/tolerant plants to these diseases. In addition, because of the simplicity of this test, it can be useful for early screening of a large number of individuals, as required for transgenic plant screenings.
Publication - Third Stakeholders Meeting: insect Resistant Maize for Africa (IRMA) project(KARI, 2002) Hoisington, D.A.; Mulaa, M.; Poland, D.; Mugo, S.N.The Insect Resistant Maize for Africa (IRMA) project is aims to produce stem borer resistant and locally adapted maize for various Kenyan agroecological zones, using conventional and biotechnology-mediated methods, especially Bt technology. Transgenic maize containing Bacillus thuringenesis (Bt) is a focal point of the project, prompting project organizers to emphasize public involvement and awareness through events such as the Stakeholders Meeting. The IRMA project was publicly launched on March 3, 2000 with the convening of the first Stakeholders' Meeting in Nairobi, Kenya. That meeting was attended by about 100 people, representing different stakeholder groups, including farmers' associations, women's groups, religious organizations, seed producers, regulatory agencies, NGOs, the media, and others. Representatives of the project collaborators, CIMMYT and the Kenyan Agricultural Research Institute (KARl), as well as the primary donor, the Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable Agriculture (at that time, the Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Development) were also on hand. The specific objectives of the first stakeholders' meeting were to (1) introduce the IRMA project to stakeholders; (2) create awareness about the economic importance of stem borers in Kenyan agriculture; (3) create awareness about the control options for stem borers, including conventional and novel approaches like the Bt technology; and (4) solicit responses from stakeholders on the need for and processes of developing insect resistant maize for Kenya. The stakeholders expressed their desire that the project incorporate sound management strategies and that it follow the national regulations strictly during introduction and testing of Bt maize technology in the country. The near universal view was that we could only evaluate Bt maize technology if it is in the country. Bt maize was viewed as having high potential for closing the wide and increasing food deficit in Kenya.
Publication - Insect resistant maize for Africa (IRMA) project(KARI, 2000) Hoisington, D.A.; Mugo, S.N.; Poland, D.; De Groote, H.The Insect Resistant Maize for Africa (IRMA) Project was publicly launched on March 3 2000 with the convening of a Stakeholders Meeting in Nairobi, Kenya. About seventy six people, representing different stakeholder groups - including fanners' associations, womens' groups, religious organizations, seed producers, regulatory agencies, NGOs, the media, and others - were in attendance. Representatives of the project collaborators, CIMMYT and the Kenyan Agricultural Research Institute (KARI), as well as the primary donor, the Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Development, were also on hand. The project is aimed at producing maize that is both adapted to various Kenyan agroecological zones and is resistant to key insect pests, primarily stem borers. Both conventional and novel sources of resistance will be examined for their effectiveness against the borers, which incur losses ranging from 15 to 45 percent, depending on the region. Transgenic maize containing Bacillus thuringenesis (Bt) is a focal point of the project, prompting project organizers to emphasize public involvement and awareness through events such as the Stakeholders Meeting. The specific objectives of the Stakeholders Meeting were to. Introduce the IRMA project to stakeholders. Create awareness on the economic importance of stem borers in Kenyan agriculture. Create awareness on the control options for stem borers, including conventional and novel approaches like the Bt-gene technology. Solicit responses from stakeholders on the need and processes of developing insect resistant maize for Kenya. The session was chaired by the Deputy Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture, and Director of Agriculture Prof. Wilfred Mwangi, and was officially opened by the Minister for Agriculture, the Hon. Christopher M. Obure. Dr. Cyrus Ndiritu, Director of KARI and an outspoken proponent for biotechnology and genetic engineering for developing countries, provided some general remarks on the project, while CIMMYT IRMA Project Coordinator Dr. Stephen Mugo gave a more detailed account. A letter on CIMMYT's role in the project from Director General, Prof. Timothy Reeves was read by Dr. David Hoisington, and Dr. Klaus Leisinger gave a short speech on the role of the Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Development. Following the opening, the stakeholders readily engaged the expert panel in the question and answer period Because of their intense involvement, the session ran well over its allotted time and was extended to accommodate additional questions and comments. The stakeholders expressed the need to incorporate sound management strategies and to follow the national regulations strictly during introduction and testing of Bt genes in the country. The view shared by almost all was that we can only evaluate Bt genes if they are in the country. Importantly, Bt maize was viewed as having a high potential for closing the wide and increasing food deficit in Kenya. Media coverage of both the Stakeholders Meeting and the preceding Africa Biotechnology Stakeholders Forum (ABSF) workshop (sponsored by CIMMYT and the Rockefeller Foundation) was extensive and generally positive.
Publication - Reducing maize losses to insect pests by enhancing host plant resistance with Bacillus thuringiensis toxin genes(CIMMYT, 1999) Hoisington, D.A.; Bohorova, N.; Poland, D.; Sánchez Pineda, E.Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the principal crops in Mexico and other developing countries, where it is used for human and animal nutrition. Insects constitute a major threat to overall production levels of this vital cereal. The importance of insects as a yield-reducing factor increases dramatically when moving from temperate to tropical regions, where much of the developing world's maize is grown. It has been estimated that up to 15% of crops worldwide are lost solely to insect damage; in Mesoamerica, yield losses to insects exceed 30%. Among the various insect pests, Lepidopteran insects are among the most important in both the industrialized and developing worlds; infestations result in annual losses estimated at over 4 million tons in Brazil and 1 million tons in Mexico. Losses outside of Latin America are also dramatic. Despite the tremendous losses cause by these insects, many developing world farmers do little to control the pests, either because they believe that available measures are inadequate or because they cannot afford chemical insecticides. Current crop protection methods rely on the use of agrochemicals, which may be both costly for resource-poor farmers to procure and harmful to the environment. The primary bioinsecticide used to control insects is Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) var. kurstaki, a bacterium that encodesproteins that are toxic to specific lepidopteran species. Bacillus thuringiensis is a species of soil-inhabiting bacteria that is found in most parts of the world. Under certain environmental conditions, the bacterium simultaneously forms a spore and a distinctive crystal, which are the principal sources of the proteins that produce Bt's toxic effects on particular insects. Because a single gene encodes each Bt toxin, it is relatively straightforward to genetically engineer a plant to produce the toxins. The isolation and modification of the gene (termed a "cry" gene) that genetically codes for these proteins allows their expression in plants. Among the many advantages to this control method, two were seen by this project's designers as especially important: (1) Bt proteins are highly specific to certain insect species and do not harm non-target insects; and (2) the World Health Organization has determined that these proteins are safe for humans, based on Bt's mode of action. Following is a synthesis of results from the UNDPsponsored project "Reducing Maize Losses to Insect Pests by Enhancing Host Plant Resistance with Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin Genes" (UNDP Project GL0/91/014). The US$ 5.4 million project, which ran from 1991 to 1998, was based at the International Wheat and Maize Improvement Center (CIMMYT) located just outside of Mexico City. The overall goals of the project were to use advanced genetic engineering technology from public and private sources to generate tropical maize germplasm that possessed enhanced and durable resistance to major insect pests of the crop (Southwest Corn Borer [SWCB], Sugarcane Borer [SCB), and Fall Armyworm [FAW)) and to provide the improved germplasm to breeders and farmers in developing countries. It was projected that by reducing maize losses to insect pests in tropical agricultural ecosystems, the transformed maize obtained from this project would eventually enhance maize productivity, food security, and reduce the need for pesticides in the developing world. The project also aimed to encourage legal and policy decisions by developing country governments to promote the growth of private sector involvement in agricultural biotechnology. By pursuing an integrated approach that combined applied research, product development, and policy development in the areas of biosafety and IPR, the project sought to assist developing countries with the technology in an environmentally and legally responsible manner. New technologies will certainly play an important role in enhancing the productivity of the agricultural sector, which will be a fundamental requirement for feeding the world's growing population. To gain access to many of these technologies, countries will need to have appropriate national and institutional policies in place to manage the innovations-this particularly applies to intellectual property rights (IPR). Technology transfer in the agricultural community is changing from informal, free exchange to formal legal agreements. The UNDP I CIMMYT project has taken an integrated approach to the multifaceted problem of technology transfer by combining applied research, product development, and policy development in the areas of biosafety and IPR to assist developing countries in not only accessing and generating technology, but also in using that technology in an environmentally and legally responsible manner. This project was hailed by external reviewers as one of the most successful biotechnology projects funded by UNDP. Under the auspices of the project, CIMMYI has succeeded in inserting Bt (cry) genes into tropical maize and in introgressing Bt genes provided by the private sector from temperate germplasm into maize cultivars with broad adaptation to the tropics and subtropics. The first wave of CIMMYT transgenic maize has already undergone field testing in Mexico; other materials developed under the project are currently being tested. The project has also facilitated collaboration between CIMMYI and the Government of Mexico in the development of biosafety regulations that govern field testing and the eventual release of transgenic materials. The achievements cited above confirm that CIMMYT has both the high level technical capability and the strong collaborative relationships with NARSs that are required to successfully execute global maize biotechnology research. The achievements also provide a strong foundation for the second phase of project activity, based on working closely with selected NARSs to move transgenic insect-resistant maize into farmers' fields.
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