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Braun, H.J.

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Braun
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Braun, H.J.

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  • Overview: transitioning wheat research to serve the future needs of the developing world
    (CIMMYT, 2008) Dixon, J.; Braun, H.J.; Crouch, J.H.
    For millennia wheat has provided daily sustenance for a large proportion of the world's population. It is produced in a wide range of climatic environments and geographic regions. During 2004-2006, the global annual harvested area of "bread wheat" and "durum wheat" averaged 217 million ha, producing 621 million tons of grain with a value of approximately US$ 150 billion. About 116 million ha of wheat was grown in developing countries, producing 308 million tons of grain (FAO 2007) with a value of approximately US$ 75 billion. Wheat fulfills a wide range of demands from different end-users, including staple food for a large proportion of the world's poor farmers and consumers. The similarity between average yields in developed and developing regions is deceptive: in developed countries around 90% of the wheat area is rainfed, while in developing countries more than half of the wheat area is irrigated, especially in the large producers India and China. In addition, there are large differences in productivity3 among countries within the two groups of countries, and even among countries applying similar agronomic practices. For instance, among major rainfed producers (over one million ha), the average national yield ranges from about 0.9 t ha-1 in Kazakhstan to 2.6 t ha-1 in Canada and up to 7.9 t ha-1 in the United Kingdom. Similarly, there are contrasts among irrigated producers, for example, India has an average yield of 2.6 t ha-1 compared with 6.5 t ha-1 in Egypt. Thus, there is clearly considerable scope for increasing productivity in many countries.
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  • Breeding materials from international centers for breeding new varieties of wheat in the central Asian region
    (Ministry of Culture, Information and Sport of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2006) Djumakhanov, B.; Morgounov, A.; Rajaram, S.; Braun, H.J.; Mossad, M.; Abdalla, O.S.; Nashit, M.; Yahyaoui, A.
    В статье представлен обзор деятельности международных центров ИКАРДА и СИММИТ по улучшению сортов пшеницы в регионе Центральной Азии. В частности, описываются основные виды селекционной работы центров по созданию в регионе сортов с улучшенными хозяйственн
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  • Wheat yield potential
    (Ministry of Culture, Information and Sport of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2006) Rajaram, S.; Braun, H.J.
    В обзоре изложены вопросы генетического улучшения урожайности пшеницы и представлены результаты международной селекции пшеницы. Показано, что в будущем в связи с растущей мировой потребностью в зерне пшеницы и ограниченными площадями ее возделывания в гло
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  • International cooperation for winter wheat improvement in Central Asia: Results and perspectives
    (The Scientific and Technology Research Council of Turkey, 2005) Morgounov, A.; Braun, H.J.; Ketata, H.; Paroda, R.S.
    Crop production in Central Asia has long history going back to 2000-3000 years BC. The farming in the past was mainly concentrated in irrigated areas along the two main river basins: AmuDarya and Syr-Darya. Wheat cultivation in Central Asia in the 20th century concentrated primarily in rainfed area. The breeding work conducted at several stations in the region was initially based on local landraces and resulted in adapted varieties. However, the breeding work was not consistent and interrupted. Since 1991 the wheat became an important crop due to food security concern and replaced cotton in some areas. The modern varieties developed in the region are well adapted and combine yield potential, grain quality and disease resistance. At the same time a number of foreign varieties from Mexico, Russia, Turkey, USA and other countries are cultivated in the region. The international cooperation with centers like CIMMYT and ICARDA resulted in the establishment of international network of researchers sharing the germplasm, knowledge and experience. New jointly developed varieties are being officially tested and some already reached the farmers. Support provided to wheat variety development and promotion in the region from international agencies and organizations like FAO, German Agency for Technical Cooperation, US Department of Agriculture, Washington State University, Winrock International, and others is fundamental for the wheat grain production in Central Asia.
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  • International Wheat Improvement: Highlights from an Expert Symposium
    (CIMMYT, 2008) Reynolds, M.P.; Hobbs, P.R.; Ortiz, R.; Pietragalla, J.; Braun, H.J.
    Wheat is grown on 217 million hectares worldwide, accounting for some 620 million tons of grain and providing one-fifth of the world’s total calorific input. In regions like North Africa, Turkey, and Central Asia, wheat provides fully half of total dietary calories. Half the world’s wheat area is found in developing countries, where steady increases in productivity since the Green Revolution, associated with improved yields, resistance to diseases, adaptation to abiotic stresses, and better agronomic practices, are now under serous threat. Challenges include increased demand, scarcity of water resources, unpredictable climates, increased urbanization and loss of quality farmland, and decreased public investments in agriculture. To meet the rising demand for wheat in a sustainable way, farmers need a new generation of improved cultivars, along with resource-conserving practices to grow them. In March 2006, with support from the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), CIMMYT brought together 160 scientists from over 30 wheatproducing countries to discuss how to increase wheat production sustainably. Their presentations and discussions are being assembled in the proceedings International Symposium on Wheat Yield Potential: Challenges to International Wheat Breeding, to be published by CIMMYT in March 2008. The volume will include articles from the symposium already published in 2007 in special issues of Euphytica (volume 157:3) and the Journal of Agricultural Science (volume 145:1-3), as well as other papers from the meetings: Reports of the workshop “Stakeholder priorities for internationally-coordinated wheat research” involving representatives of major wheat producing countries on all continents whose remit was to develop a list of priorities for future wheat research that could best be tackled in a globally-coordinated fashion, and outlines of activities that would serve as templates for future project development for selected priorities. The summary of field day presentations by groups of collaborating scientists in attendance, illustrating the continuum between national, regional, and internationalcenter-based research activities. Reports of a pre-symposium survey soliciting statistics on wheat production and constraints to productivity and research from 19 countries in Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa; Central and West Asia and North Africa; and South and Southeast Asia. Collectively these countries account for over 100 million hectares of wheat and around 90% of the wheat production in the developing world. The data were also used to prepare a general summary of the constraints to productivity and research across the above-mentioned regions.
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  • Wheat Facts and Futures 2009
    (CIMMYT, 2009) Dixon, J.; Braun, H.J.; Kosina, P.; Crouch, J.H.
    For nearly half a century, the international wheat breeding system has delivered improved high yielding varieties of wheat that created (along with rice) the Green Revolution and underpinned strong growth in wheat productivity in irrigated and rainfed, developed and underdeveloped, regions. Future priorities for breeding and complementary sciences will still include yield but will also diversify in response to changing market demands and growing environments, particulary in developing countries. It is argued that in the coming decades research on wheat quality characteristics will become increasingly important to plant breeders, whose work will be supported by the development of markers and advanced tools from molecular biology. Breeders will have to contend with increased heat stress and variability stemming from climate change, which is expected to create regional winners, as the northern high latitudes grow warmer and moister, and losers, as the sub-tropics and tropics increasingly suffer from heat stress and drought. Yield response of improved varieties in farmers’ fields depends to a very great degree on sustainable systems management, which also is essential to reverse the ongoing degradation of agricultural resources. Finally, the importance of expanding the systems lens from farmers to policy makers, and of linking farmers, commerce, science, and policy is illustrated for the rice-wheat farming systems of South Asia.
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  • International Symposium on Wheat Yield Potential: Challenges to International Wheat Breeding
    (CIMMYT, 2008) Reynolds, M.P.; Pietragalla, J.; Braun, H.J.
    Like many other patterns, investment in research is often cyclical. International centers like CIMMYT have focused substantial resources on biotic and abiotic stresses for about two decades now, but raising total productivity is also back on the development agenda. There are a number of reasons for this, among them sharp rises in the price of staple foods as well as the manifestation of detrimental effects of climate change on productivity. Those factors threaten not only the livelihoods of resource-poor people but food security at a broader level, as highlighted by the World Bank’s recent World Development Report. CIMMYT has an unsurpassed record when it comes to raising crop yields from the days of the Green Revolution; as can be seen from the comprehensive scope of this new publication, our Global Wheat Program is back in the game. The book consists of proceedings of a week-long consultation of experts and leaders held in 2006 and representing all major wheat producing countries worldwide. It encompasses their ideas on how, through internationally coordinated collaborative research, proven technologies of the past can be married with new tools and approaches to meet demand for the world’s number one staple crop: wheat.
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