Person: Skovmand, B.
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Skovmand
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Skovmand, B.
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- Incidence of common bunt (Tilletia laevis Kuhn) on wheat landraces in Coahuila, Mexico(Sociedad Mexicana de Fitopatología, 2001) Huerta-Espino, J.; Skovmand, B.; Fuentes Dávila, G.; Lozano-Del Río, J.
Publication - Semidwarf bread wheats: names, parentages, pedigrees, and origins(CIMMYT, 1997) Skovmand, B.; Villareal, R.L.; Van Ginkel, M.; Rajaram, S.; Ortiz-Ferrara, G.One of CIMMYT's primary functions is to produce germplasm for use by cooperating national crop improvement programs. In the development of wheat germplasm, emphasis is given to producing advanced materials that can be readily integrated into national wheat-breeding programs. Early generation segregating materials are also made available to cooperators. Each year, CIMMYT makes thousands of bread wheat crosses and generates hundreds of advanced lines. These materials are distributed annually to national programs by way of our international nursery system; nearly 50 nurseries consisting of advanced yield trials, screening nurseries and F2 segregating populations are distributed annually to over 200 cooperators around the world. National programs are free to use the germplasm in these nurseries in any way that best suits their needs. Options range from crossing with local varieties to placing entries directly into multiplication for eventual release as varieties. The reader should note that CIMMYT does not release or name varieties; that is the right and responsibility of cooperating national programs, and each national program has its own system for naming released cultivars. CIMMYT does name its advanced bread wheat breeding lines, and our system for differentiating among these lines currently utilizes the names of land birds only. At one time, however, the names of mountains, lakes, rivers, islands and certain phonetic combinations were used; some of these earlier names remain in use today. The CIMMYT/ICARDA program continues to use phonetic combinations or combinations of parental names. This revised bulletin contains a compilation of all semidwarf bread wheat cultivars and advanced lines produced by CIMMYT and by the Mexican National Institute of Agricultural Research (INIFAP); it also contains the names and pedigrees of cultivars with CIMMYT parentage that have been released since 1962 by cooperating national programs. Our purpose in publishing this bulletin is to facilitate the exchange of more exact information among wheat researchers working with these materials, and to assist them in their note taking and record-keeping activities.
Publication - Dimensions of diversity in CIMMYT bread wheat from 1965 to 2000(CIMMYT, 2000) Smale, M.; Reynolds, M.P.; Warburton, M.; Skovmand, B.; Trethowan, R.; Singh, R.P.; Ortiz-Monasterio, I.; Crossa, J.; Khairallah, M.M.; Almanza Pinzon, M.I.To the extent possible, this paper summarizes scientific evidence on the scope of the genetic base in modern bread wheat varieties in the developing world from 1965 to the present, drawing on previously published research and new analyses of experimental
Publication - Wheat varieties of South America: names, parentage, pedigrees, and origins(CIMMYT, 1997) Kohli, M.M.; Skovmand, B.Wheat varieties from South America have been used in many breeding programs, including CIMMYT’s Wheat Program. They have played a major role in widening the adaptation of new varieties and increasing their resistance and tolerance to diseases and environmental stresses. Nineteen years ago, when CIMMYT’s Southern Cone Program was started, it was considered useful to compile a list of wheat varieties released by national programs in the region. The purpose of the list was to facilitate the exchange of more exact information among wheat researchers working with these materials and to assist them in their note-taking and record-keeping activities. The first booklet on wheat cultivars of the Southern Cone region was published in 1986. This 1997 edition has been expanded to include wheat cultivars from all over South America. During the compilation process, it was observed that information collected from different sources did not coincide. As a result, several draft lists were made up and corrected by various cooperators. Although information on many old varieties is still incomplete, an effort has been made to provide complete information on widely used and/or new varieties.
Publication - Lines tested in the International Spring Wheat Yield Nurseries (ISWYN) 1964-1994(CIMMYT, 1996) Delacy, I.H.; Skovmand, B.; Fox, P.N.; Rajaram, S.; Van Ginkel, M.This publication marks the end of an era; after 30 years, the International Spring Wheat Yield Nursery (ISWYN), flagship of the international yield nurseries, has been discontinued. The ISWYN will be replaced by several yield nurseries, each aimed at specific mega-environments. The ISWYN, the first truly international yield nursery, served as a model for similar nurseries in other cereal crops. It was a source of information on adaptation of spring wheat and a means of distributing germplasm to international programs. Thanks to the ISWYNs, where some wheats have appeared under 13 synonyms, we realized the importance of unique identification of germplasm. This principle has become operational through the International Wheat Information System, which encompasses all data manipulation within the Wheat Program. The discontinuation of ISWYN could be temporary; at some future date a global yield nursery may again be needed as a research tool.
Publication - Russian wheat aphid research at CIMMYT: current status and future goals(CIMMYT, 1991) Burnett, P.A.; Robinson, J.; Skovmand, B.; Mujeeb-Kazi, A.; Hettel, G.P.A few years ago, CIMMYT started working on the Russian Wheat Aphid (Diuraphis noxia) on a very small scale. Reports on the spread and damage due to this aphid's attack are on the increase in both developed and developing countries. Hence, during the last two crop cycles in Mexico, our efforts have grown substantially and are showing good results. On June 7, 1991, select CIMMYT wheat staff members met at EI Batan to review the current status of CIMMYT's RWA research and to define goals for the future. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions during that meeting. Those attending the meeting included Peter Burnett, Lucy Gilchrist, Gene Hettel, A. Mujeeb-Kazi, Gene Saari, Bent Skovmand, S. Rajaram, Jonathan Robinson, Maarten van Ginkel, George Varughese, and Hugo Vivar. The Appendices include some popular new releases emanating from Information Services, a brief mention of CIMMYT's RWA work in the August 19, 1991 issue of Time Magazine, and an up-to-date bibliography of recent scientific literature published on the RWA.
Publication - Optimal search in ex situ collections of wheat genetic resources(CIMMYT, 1998) Gollin, D.; Smale, M.; Skovmand, B.This paper develops a theoretical model for analyzing gene bank management decisions regarding the search for traits of economic value in ex situ collections of wheat. The model is applied to data on the probability of finding useful sources of resistance to Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) and septoria tritici leaf blotch, using Monte Carlo simulations for sampling distributions, simulations of varietal diffusion paths, and actual cost data from searches. Three specific questions are posed and answered: (1) what is the optimal size of search among genetic resources of a given type for a trait of economic value? (2) what is the value of specialized knowledge about which genetic resources are most likely to display resistance? and (3) how should search resources be allocated across types of genetic resources? Results demonstrate the sensitivity of the optimal size of search to the economic importance of the problem, the probability distributions of the trait in different types of genetic resources, and the cost and time lags associated with transferring the trait into usable breeding material. The cost and time lags involved with conventional pre-breeding techniques imply that in some searches, certain categories of genetic resources (such as landraces) will be systematically ignored. The fact that they may be rarely utilized does not imply that collections of landraces have no value, however, as shown in the case of Russian wheat aphid. Though applied here to data on insect and disease resistance, the model can be adapted to search decisions for other types of traits.
Publication - Los recursos genéticos en el CIMMYT: su conservación, enriquecimiento y distribución(CIMMYT, 1992) Skovmand, B.; Varughese, G.; Hettel, G.P.Hasta fines del siglo XVIII, la agricultura dependía por completo de herramientas rudimentarias, variedades criollas o mezclas de esas variedades. Luego sobrevinieron la Revolución Industrial y la consiguiente explosión demográfica, que transformaron para siempre la agricultura de autoconsumo y sus sistemas de cultivo. A mediados del siglo XIX, Mendel (y, posteriormente, otros fitogenetistas precursores) proporcionó nuevos conocimientos acerca de la fitogenética y el mejoramiento que hicieron posible aumentar en forma notable la producción y el potencial productivo de la agricultura. Por desgracia, las maravillas del fitomejoramiento provocaron también la erosión de la diversidad genética de muchos cultivos, entre ellos el trigo, a causa de la sustitución de las variedades nativas y las variedades de los agricultores por las modernas de alto rendimiento. Por fortuna, nuestro conocimiento de las fuentes de diversidad genética, su distribución y las relaciones entre los cultivos y sus parientes silvestres se ha acrecentado con rapidez en la segunda parte del siglo XX. Este mayor conocimiento ha llevado al concepto actual de que los recursos genéticos son nuestro patrimonio y, en consecuencia, deben ser conservados, protegidos y puestos sin restricciones a disposición de todos los que los necesitan. La importancia de la conservación de los recursos genéticos actualmente se manifiesta con claridad en: El establecimiento de la Comisión de la FAO sobre los Recursos Fitogenéticos; La creación de numerosos bancos de genes por los sistemas nacionales de investigación agrícola.
Publication - Wheat genetic resources at CIMMYT: their preservation, enrichment, and distribution(CIMMYT, 1992) Skovmand, B.; Varughese, G.; Hettel, G.P.Prior to the late 18th century, agricultural practices were totally dependent on crude handtools, crop landraces, and mixtures of these landraces. Then came the Industrial Revolution with an associated population explosion that transformed the subsistence nature of agriculture and its farming systems forever. In the mid-19th century, Mendel (and later other pioneering plant geneticists) provided a new knowledge of plant genetics and breeding that made it possible to increase dramatically the production and production potential of agriculture. Undeniably, the wonders of crop improvement have resulted in the erosion of genetic diversity of many crops in farmers' fields, induding wheat, due to the replacement of landraces and old farmers' varieties with modem high yielding varieties. Fortunately, our understanding of the sources of genetic diversity and their distribution and interrelationships between cultivated crops and their wild relatives has rapidly expanded in the latter half of the 20th century. This enh nced awareness has resulted in the present-day concept that genetic resources are our heritage and consequently should be preserved, protected, and made available without restrictions to aIl who need them.
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