Person: Agarwal, T.
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Agarwal
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Agarwal, T.
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- Gendered impacts of climate-smart agriculture on household food security and labor migration: insights from Bihar, India(Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2022) Agarwal, T.; Goel, P. A.; Gartaula, H.; Rai, M.; Bijarniya, D.; Rahut, D.B.; Jat, M.L.
Publication - Supporting labor and managerial feminization processes in wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP): a guidance note(CIMMYT, 2021) Farnworth, C.; Bharati, P.; Rahman, S.; Gartaula, H.; Agarwal, T.; Badstue, L.B.
Publication - A compendium of key climate smart agriculture practices in intensive cereal based systems of South Asia(CIMMYT, 2020) Jat, M.L.; Jat, H.S.; Agarwal, T.; Bijarniya, D.; Kakraliya Suresh Kumar; Choudhary, K.M.; Kalvaniya, K.C.; Gupta, N.; Kumar, M.; Singh, L.K.; Kumar, Y.; Jat, R.K.; Sharma, P.C.; Sidhu, H.S.; Choudhary, M.; Datta, A.; Shirsath, P.B.; Lopez-Ridaura, S.
Publication - Does climate-smart village approach influence gender equality in farming households? A case of two contrasting ecologies in India(Springer, 2020) Hariharan, V.K.; Mittal, S.; Rai, M.; Agarwal, T.; Kalvaniya, K.C.; Stirling, C.; Jat, M.L.Evidence from climate-smart village (CSV) approach to mainstream climate-smart agriculture (CSA) demonstrates improved productivity, income, and reduced climatic risks. However, its contribution to gender empowerment in diverse farming households is not documented. This study creates a Gender Empowerment Index for climate-smart villages (GEI-CSV) based on four major measurable indicators—political, economic, agricultural, and social. The gender gap was derived by mapping difference in empowerment levels across selected CSVs and non-CSVs. These indicators can be used as a vital tool to understand the process of gender empowerment that can trigger the entry points to achieve gender equality, which is also an important aspect in the adoption of climate-smart agriculture practices (CSAPs). The study measures empowerment at the inter-household and intra-household level across CSVs and non-CSVs from the individual household survey with both female and male members of the same household. This paper provides evidence demonstrating how gender empowerment differs in CSVs and non-CSVs from selected climate-smart villages (community-based approach) in two contrasting ecologies and socioeconomic settings of India. The study documents the existing gender gap in CSVs and non-CSVs across India’s western (Haryana) and eastern (Bihar) Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). Irrespective of CSVs and non-CSVs, considerable differences in outlook and gender gap were observed between Bihar and Haryana. Both women and men in Bihar are less empowered than they are in Haryana. High empowerment level in CSVs than non-CSVs shows that the concept of CSVs has brought a change towards knowledge and capacity enhancement of both women and men farmers promoting gender equality in farming households with a varying scope of interventions made and required for scaling CSAPs across the diversity of farming households.
Publication - Correction to: Does climate-smart village approach influence gender equality in farming households? A case of two contrasting ecologies in India(Springer, 2020) Hariharan, V.K.; Mittal, S.; Rai, M.; Agarwal, T.; Kalvaniya, K.C.; Stirling, C.; Jat, M.L.
Publication - Business models of SMEs as a mechanism for scaling climate smart technologies: the case of Punjab, India(Elsevier, 2019) Groot, A.E.; Bolt, J.S.; Jat, H.S.; Jat, M.L.; Kumar, M.; Agarwal, T.; Blok, V.Many Climate Smart Agricultural (CSA) technologies fail to achieve their full potential impact due to low levels of adoption by smallholder farmers and difficulties in scaling CSA. This paper presents how small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) can act as change agents for the uptake of CSA technologies where their business models may be seen as adoption and scaling mechanisms. Drawing upon our fieldwork in Punjab (India) during which over 100 respondents have been interviewed, critical issues and enabling factors for the business model of two types of SMEs, i.e. farmer cooperatives and individual service providers of climate smart technologies have been identified. Enabling factors supporting adoption are driven by scientific and practical evidence of CSA technologies, good partnership between SMEs and research institutes, good customer relationships and effective channels through farmers' field trials. Critical issues consist of distortive government subsidies on energy and the lack of market intelligence affecting the profitability of the business model. Scaling is enhanced through market intelligence and a favouring regulatory landscape. However, difficult socio-economic circumstances and distortive government subsidies limit the role of SMEs business model as mechanism for scaling.
Publication - The conservation agriculture roadmap for India: policy brief(ICAR, 2018) Jat, M.L.; Biswas, A.K.; Pathak, H.; Mcdonald, A.; Patra, A.K.; Acharya, C.B.; Sharma, P.C.; Chaudhari, S.K.; Singh, R.; Bhaskar, S.; Sharma, R.; Jat, H.S.; Agarwal, T.; Gathala, M.K.; Pal, S.; Sidhu, H.S.; Yadvinder-Singh; Chhokar, R.S.; Keil, A.; Saharawat, Y.S.; Jat, R.K.; Singh, B.; Malik, R.; Sharma, A.R.; Parihar, C.M.; Das, T.K.; Singh, V.K.; Jat, S.L.; Jha, B.K.; Pratibha, M.; Singh, P.; Singh, R.C.; Choudhary, O.P.; Sharma, S.; Satyanarayana, T.; Sidhu, B.S.; Gehlawat, S.K.; Sen, S.K.; Singh, A.K.; Sikka, A.K.Agriculture remains central to the Indian economy, providing livelihood to the majority of its population. Though Indian agriculture have made spectacular progress for food self-sufficiency, yet growing challenges of large management yield gaps, low water and nutrient efficiency, imbalance and inadequate use of external production inputs, diminishing farm profits, deterioration of soil health and environmental quality coupled with climate risks are major concerns. Feeding a growing population with increasing dietary preferences for resource-intensive food products is a major challenge. Moreover, with no scope for horizontal expansion of farming to produce needed food; improving agronomic productivity and achieving high and stable yields under changing and uncertain climate are important for feeding the growing population. Increasing climatic variability affects most of the biological, physical and chemical processes that drive productivity of agricultural systems. The productivity and stability of agricultural systems depends upon measurable factors and processes controlled by climate and non-climate drivers of production paradigm. It is therefore vitally important to develop strategies and practices to sustainably increase food production while increasing farm income, protecting natural resources and minimizing environmental footprints.
Publication - Integration of gender considerations in climate-smart agriculture R4D in South Asia: useful research questions(2017) Farnworth, C.; Badstue, L.B.; Jat, M.L.; Rai, M.; Agarwal, T.Agriculture takes place in a social context. South Asia is a large and heterogeneous region of mixed farming systems and different cultures and social systems, which can enable or constrain opportunities and outcomes differently, for different social groups. Gender and other social relational factors have direct implications for who is able to learn about, try out, take up, and benefit from agricultural research for development (AR4D). Aimed at researchers working with climate-smart agriculture (CSA) in South Asia, this resource suggests a set of issues to consider in relation to the integration of gender in climate-smart agricultural research for development. CSA practices address production challenges through a variety of short- and long-term strategies that aim to increase resilience to extreme weather and decrease agriculture’s contribution to climate change, while meeting people’s food security needs. Conservation agriculture (CA) has received considerable attention as a cost-saving set of practices that can promote conservation of soil, energy, and labor in farming systems around the world. CA is also widely considered as having an important role to play in strategies contributing to global food security as well as improving resilience and adaptation to climate change. Built around a core set of interlocking soil and water conservation practices that help to create a closed and interdependent farming system, CA’s core practices include minimum tillage, soil cover (e.g., retention of residues), and crop diversification. However, current adoption rates in South Asia are often low and weakly sustained beyond the lifetimes of CA projects. Climate change often exacerbates the problems and inequities that poor rural women face. Their roles and livelihoods are highly dependent on the natural resources most threatened by climate change. The feminization of agriculture underscores the need to ensure that both men and women are able to learn about, try out, take up, and benefit from improved agricultural technologies, including climate-smart practices.
Publication - Framework, guidelines and governance for designing local adaptation plan of action to mainstream climate smart villages in India(CIMMYT, 2016) Aryal, J.P.; Singh, R.; Gehlawat, S.K.; Agarwal, T.; Jat, M.L.The major challenges being faced by Agriculture globally are degradation of natural resources and increasing frequency of climate change induced risks. In pre-green revolution period, the farmers practiced a more resilient agriculture that inherently adapted to climate variability through optimal use of biodiversity i.e. a careful selection of crop mix to suit the condition of water scarcity, drought and cold wave etc. But the present day intensive agriculture faces the daunting challenge of transforming itself for providing enough food in an ecologically sustainable manner in view of existing uncertainties about regional and local impacts of climate change. To overcome the situation, there is a need to engage diverse stakeholders in preparation of coherent policies that take advantage of rapid advances in Science and Technology and incentivize their adoption to stimulate a behavioral change and align them for action at different levels. The adaptation process will require validation and tailoring various strategies at regional to farm level due to variations in resource endowments viz soils, tools and technologies etc.
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