Person: Lopez Pereira, M.A.
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Lopez Pereira
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M.A.
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Lopez Pereira, M.A.
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- Impacts of maize breeding research in Latin America, 1966-97(CIMMYT, 1999) Morris, M.L.; Lopez Pereira, M.A.This report documents the number and types of maize varieties and hybrids released by public breeding programs between 1966 and 1997, describes the varieties and hybrids marketed by public seed agencies and private companies in Latin America in 1997, analyzes recent trends in commercial maize seed sales, estimates the area planted to improved maize germplasm in 1966, and discusses factors that have influenced adoption. The authors find that the primary locus of maize breeding research has shifted to the private sector, the private sector now dominates commercial maize seed production, and the maize seed industry in Latin America has become increasingly concentrated. Although the area planted to improved maize germplasm continues to increase, adoption has been uneven. The use of CIMMYT materials has been extensive in public has well as private sector breeding programs, and total area shown to CIMMYT-related materials continues to increase.
Publication - Las industrias de la semilla de maíz en Brasil y México: desempeño anterior, problemas actuales y perspectivas para el futuro(CIMMYT, 1997) Lopez Pereira, M.A.; Garcia, J.C.Este documento describe los resultados de un estudio de los principales factores que afectan el desarrollo de la industria de semilla de maiz en Brasil y Mexico (y, por extension, de otros paises en desarrollo). Los autores establecen un marco que pueden usar los investigadores y quienes formulan las politicas para evaluar el desempeno de la industria de la semilla en los paises en desarrollo. Se emplea este marco para analizar las industrias de semilla de Brasil y Mexico, donde circunstancias muy diferentes influyen sobre el desarrollo, la eficiencia y la estructura de la industria de la semilla. E1 analisis presta especial atencion a las distintas estrategias de mejoramiento de maiz aplicadas por los sectores publico y privado, las medidas de la competitividad y la eficiencia de la industria y las ventajas y desventajas que implica desarrollar y producir distintos tipos de semilla de maiz, en particular las variedades mejoradas de polinizacion libre en comparacion con diversos tipos de hibridos . Los autores identifican problemas de la industria de la semilla esenciales para los investigadores, los administradores de los programas nacionales y quienes formulan las politicas agricolas en los paises en desarrollo, especialmente los problemas vinculados con las funciones apropiadas de los organismos publicos y privados en la industria de la semilla de maiz del mundo en desarrollo.
Publication - The maize seed industries of Brazil and Mexico: past performance, current issues and future prospects(CIMMYT, 1997) Lopez Pereira, M.A.; Garcia, J.C.This paper describes results of a study of the main factors affecting the development of the maize seed industries in Brazil and Mexico (and, by extension, other developing countries). The authors develop a framework that researchers and policy makers can use to evaluate seed industry performance in developing countries. This framework is used to analyze the seed industries of Brazil and Mexico, where very different sets of circumstances influence seed industry development, efficiency, and structure. The analysis gives special attention to the different maize breeding strategies pursued by the public and private sectors, measures of industry competitiveness and efficiency, and the trade-offs involved in developing and producing different kinds of maize seed, particularly improved open-pollinated maize varieties versus different types of hybrids. The authors identify key seed industry issues for researchers, administrators of national maize programs, and agricultural policy makers in developing countries, especially issues related to the appropriate roles for public and private organizations in maize seed industries in the developing world.
Publication - Impacts of international maize breeding research in the developing world, 1966-1990(CIMMYT, 1994) Lopez Pereira, M.A.; Morris, M.L.The impacts of maize breeding research for non-temperate environments in the developing world by national agricultural research systems (NARSs) and the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) over 1966-90 are analyzed. Collaborative maize breeding by NARSs and CIMMYT resulted in the development and release of 842 maize varieties and hybrids by public research organizations in developing countries during 1966-90. Of these materials, 53% contained CIMMYT germplasm. Although the share of hybrid releases rose substantially follOWing increased emphasis on hybrids by NARSs, for the period as a whole hybrids comprise just 35% of releases. Maize releases are distributed fairly evenly between tropical lowlands (53%) and tropical midaltitudes, tropical highlands, and the subtropics (47%). In non-temperate ecologies an estimated 24.6 million hectares were planted to improved maize in 1990 (43% of the 57.7 million hectares under maize in the countries under study). Public sector materials accounted for 19.9 million hectares (81%) of the area under improved maize; 4.7 million hectares (19%) were under proprietary materials. Improved maize containing CIMMYT germplasm was planted on 13.5 million hectares in 1990 (55% of the area under improved materials), mostly open-pollinated varieties in tropical lowlands. The fact that more than half (33 million hectares) of the developing world's maize area is still planted to unimproved varieties suggests that significant barriers continue to slow adoption of improved maize germplasm. To reach farmers who do not plant improved maize, breeders must continue developing varieties and hybrids adapted to marginal growing conditions, especially materials tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses and low levels of external inputs. The still modest use of improved maize germplasm in some regions of the developing world also reflects farmers' difficulty in obtaining seed and points to the need for more effective maize seed industries, especially better seed production and distribution. Finally, to obtain more accurate estimates of the economic impacts of maize breeding research, researchers must monitor 1) the flow of germplasm from public research organizations, especially the use of this germplasm by private sector organizations; 2) farmers' adoption of improved maize; and 3) the yield effects of using improved maize at the farm level.
Publication - Emerging roles of the public and private sectors of maize seed industries in the developing world(CIMMYT, 1995) Lopez Pereira, M.A.; Filippello, M.P.Interactions between public and private sector organizations in the world maize seed industry are analyzed, with emphasis on the developing world. Information is presented on the share of total maize seed sales in 1992 by different kinds of seed enterprise and by different types of seed (hybrids, open pollinated varieties) and its origin (public or private sector breeding programs). In most developing countries, private organizations remain the major producers and distributors of maize seed; maize seed production and distribution by the public sector has tended to diminish. Public breeding systems, however, are still important in maize seed industries; more than half of the seed sold in developing countries in 1992 was of public origin. Although schemes for direct production and distribution of maize seed by the public sector are largely a thing of the past, public breeding systems will remain important for fostering the development of domestic private seed enterprises and small-scale seed producers, and conducting research directed at small-scale farmers.
Publication - Technical change in maize production: a global perspective(CIMMYT, 1994) Byerlee, D.; Lopez Pereira, M.A.The stages of technological change in maize production in commercial and small-scale semisubsistence systems are discussed and variation in the use of improved varieties/hybrids and adoption of associated inputs are noted. The impacts of the new biotechnologies and the increasing emphasis on resource-conserving technologies are also discussed with respect to prospects for technological progress in maize production in developing countries. Finally, strategic decisions that must be made by national agricultural research systems in developing countries are reviewed, especially decisions related to the relative emphasis to give to development of improved open-pollinated or hybrid maize varieties; the participation of the public and private sectors in research to achieve technological progress in maize production; and the types of farmers on which the public research system should focus its efforts.
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